FAQs

Go back to BioCompute Objects.

General

1. How can I build a BioCompute Object (BCO)?

You have several options for building a BCO. You can use the standalone "builder" tool available here. Alternatively, if you're using a platform that supports BioCompute, you can utilize tools built into that platform such as DNAnexus/precisionFDA, Galaxy, or Seven Bridges/Cancer Genomics Cloud. You may also choose to build an output into your workflow as a JSON file conforming to the standard.

2. What are the minimum requirements for conformance with the BioCompute standard?

The minimum requirements include inputs, outputs, data transformation steps, environment details, individuals involved in pipeline development or execution, and a plain text description of the pipeline's objectives. The standard allows for much greater detail if needed, and is extensible to include substantially more. The standard is organized into 8 domains, 5 of which are required and 3 are optional.

3. How can I ensure my submission validates against the BioCompute schema?

Your submission should validate against the schema, which you can reference directly at the top level domain provided here.

4. Where can I find more information about the BioCompute standard and its organization? The official repository for the standard is open access and can be found here.

5. Can you provide an example of a completed BioCompute Object (BCO)?

Yes, you can view an example of a completed BCO here. You can explore both table and raw JSON views.

6. Where would information regarding data sources and standard operating procedures be? Which specific domain?

Data sources should be recorded as described by the input_subdomain in the “io_domain” and the input_list in the “description_domain”. Standard operating procedures and any other information about data transformations SHOULD be elaborated upon in the “usability_domain”.

7. How can a third-party access URIs in a BCO?

URIs can be directed to local paths. In these cases, the necessary files are shared with the parties that will require access. If it is a link to a public domain, it will be easily accessible for all.

8. What is a SHA1 Checksum?

A SHA-1 checksum, or Secure Hash Algorithm 1 checksum, is a fixed-size output (160 bits) generated from input data to uniquely identify and verify the integrity of files or documents. In BioCompute Objects (BCOs), it serves to ensure the unchanged state of computational workflows by comparing calculated and original checksums. This allows for accuracy in viewing and downloading BCOs.

9. How do I sign in with an ORCID/What is an ORCID?

ORCID stands for Open Researcher and Contributor ID, and is a free, unique identifier assigned to researchers, providing a standardized way to link researchers to their scholarly activities. To sign in with your ORCID, create an account at: https://orcid.org/. Using the credentials associated with your ORCID account you can log in to view and edit BCOs.

Pipeline Questions

1. Do pipeline steps have to represent sequentially run steps? How can you represent steps also run in parallel?

The standard does not mandate any particular numbering schema, but it’s best practice to pick the most logically intuitive numbering system. For example, a user may run a somatic SNV profiling step at the same time as a structural CNV analysis. So if in the example I mentioned, the alignment is step #2, then you might (arbitrarily) call the SNV profiling step #3, and the CNV analysis step #4. The fact that they pull from the output of the same step (#2) can easily be detected programmatically and represented in whatever way is suitable (e.g. graphically).

2. What is the nf-core plugin and how can I test it?

The nf-core plugin, designed to facilitate Nextflow workflows, is now available for testing. To enable the BCO (BioCompute Object) format within the plugin, follow these instructions:

• Ensure you have the latest version of the plugin installed.

• Add the following code snippets to your Nextflow configuration file:

plugins {

    id 'nf-prov'

}

prov.enabled = true

prov {

    formats {

        bco {

            file = 'bco.json'

            overwrite = true

        }

    }

}

These settings will enable the BCO format and specify the output file as "bco.json". Ensure you include these snippets in your configuration file to activate the BCO format.

For any questions related to Nextflow environment, please ask here

Inputs and Outputs

1. What is the relationship and difference between input_list in description_domain and input_subdomain? Does input_subdomain contain all the input files of all the pipeline steps?

Yes. The Input Domain is for global inputs. The input_list/output_list in the pipeline_steps is specific to individual steps and is used to trace data flow if granular detail is needed. If not needed, a user can simply look at the IO domain for the overall view of the pipeline inputs.

2. What is the relationship and difference between output_list in description_domain and output_subdomain? Does output_subdomain contain all the output files of all the pipeline steps?

The Output Domain is for global outputs. The input_list/output_list in the pipeline_steps is specific to individual steps and is used to trace data flow if granular detail is needed. If not needed, a user can simply look at the IO domain for the overall view of the pipeline outputs.

3. There is an access_time property for uri, which is referenced by input_list, output_list, input_subdomain, and output_subdomain. What does access_time mean for output files? Aren’t output files generated by pipeline steps?

Yes they are, the timestamp is used for creation in those cases.

4. Can a script from the execution domain also be considered an input?

This is not usually the case, but it is possible for the script to be assessed as an input if it is used in the workflow to bring about an output.

Extensions

1. What is the role of extension_domain? How does it relate to other domains? Is it required in some pipeline steps? Or does it affect the execution? Or something else?

Extension Domain is never required, it is always optional. It is a user-defined space for capturing anything not already captured in the base BCO. To use it, one generates an extension schema (referenced in the extension_schema), and the associated fields within the BCO. For example, if a user wants to include a specialized ontology with definitions, it can be added here. It’s meant to capture anything idiosyncratic to that workflow not already captured in the standard and is very flexible.

2. How can BCOs be used for knowledgebases?

Using BioCompute’s pre-defined fields and standards, knowledgebases can generate a BioCompute Object (BCO) to document the metadata, quality control, and integration pipelines developed for different workflows. BCOs can be used to document each release. The structured data in a BCO makes it very easy to identify changes between releases (including changes to the curation/data processing pipeline, attribution to curators, or datasets processed), or revert to previous releases.

BCOs can be generated via a user-friendly instance of a BCO editor and can be maintained and shared through versioned, stable IDs stored under a single domain of that knowledgebase. BCOs not only provide complete transparency to their data submitters (authors, curators, other databases, etc.), collaborators, and users but also provide an efficient mechanism to reproduce the complete workflow through the information stored in different domains (such as description, execution, io, error, etc.) in the machine and human-readable formats.

The most common way of adapting BCOs for use in knowledgebases is by leveraging the Extension Domain. In this example, the Extension Domain is used for calling fields based on column headers. Note that the Extension Domain identifies its own schema, which defines the column headers and identifies them as required where appropriate. Because the JSON format of a BCO is human and machine-readable (and can be further adapted for any manner of display or editing through a user interface), BCOs are amendable to either manual or automatic curation processes, such as the curation process that populates those fields in the above example.

Prerequisites

1. What is the difference between software_prerequisites in execution_domain and prerequisites in the description_domain? Is the former global, while the latter only applies to one specific pipeline step?

Correct, Execution Domain is for anything related to the environment in which the pipeline was executed, and the Description Domain is specific to the software in those steps. So if I’ve written a shell script to run the pipeline, and in one step it includes myScript.py to comb through results and pick out elements of interest, myScript.py might be an Execution Domain prerequisite, and any packages or dependencies called from within the script are Description Domain level prerequisites. Alternatively, if I’m using the HIVE platform, any libraries needed to run HIVE are Execution Domain level.

BCO Scoring System

1. How is the score calculated?

The score is computed based on a few key factors:

• Usability Domain: The length of the usability_domain field contributed to the base score
• Field Length Modifier: A multiplier (1.2) is applied to the base score to account for field length
• Error Domain: If the error_domain exist and is inserted correctly, 5 points are added
• Parametric Objects: A multiplier (1.1) is applied to the score for each parametric object in the parametric_objects list
• Reviewer Objects: Up to 5 points are added, one for each correct reviewer_object

2. What happens if the usability_domain is missing?

If the usability_domain or other required fields are missing the BCO score is immediately set to 0, and the function returns the BCO instance without further calculations.

3. What is the purpose of the bco_score function

The bco_score function calculates and assigns a unique score to each BioCompute Object (BCO) based on specific criteria in its contents. The score is influenced by the presence of characteristics of certain fields like the usabiliy_domain, error_domain, parametric_objects, and reviewer_objects.

4. What is the purpose of the field_length_modifier and parametric_object_multiplier?

• field_length_modifier (1.2): This modifier adjusts the base score according to the length of the usability_domain field.
• parametric_object_multiplier (1.1): This multiplier increases the score based on the number of parametric objects present in the BCO, reflecting the complexity of the object.

5. What is the expected output of the bco_score function?

The bco_score function modifies the BCO instance by assigning a score attribute based on the criteria mentioned above, the updated BCO instance, with the score added, is then returned following the saving of the BCO draft.

6. How does the reviewer count affect the score?

For each reviewer_object present in the BCO (up to maximum of 5 reviewers), the score increases by 1 point. This incentivizes the inclusion of peer review and validation within the object.

7. What is the significance of entAliases in the convert_to_ldh function?

The entAliases field is a list that stores multiple identifiers for the BioCompute Object. These include the object_id, its full URL (entIri), and its entity type (entType), ensuring that the object can be referenced in different contexts.

8. How and Where does the score appear on the BCO Builder?

The score is calculated by the bco_score function and is displayed within the BioCompute Object (BCO) metadata section of the BCO Builder interface, following the saving of a BCO draft.

Knowledgebases

1. Can BCOs be used for curating databases?

Yes. BCOs have been used in this capacity, such as in the FDA’s ARGOS database of infectious diseases and the GlyGen database of glycosylation sites. The following recommendations are compiled from these use cases. Although these recommendations are built from practical experience, they may not address the needs of every database. Users are free to make modifications at their own discretion.

Using BioCompute’s pre-defined fields and standards, knowledgebases can generate a BioCompute Object (BCO) to document the metadata, quality control, and integration pipelines developed for different workflows. BCOs can be used to document each release. The structured data in a BCO makes it very easy to identify changes between releases (including changes to the curation/data processing pipeline, attribution to curators, or datasets processed), or revert to previous releases.

BCOs can be generated via a user-friendly instance of a BCO editor and can be maintained and shared through versioned, stable IDs stored under a single domain of that knowledgebase. BCOs not only provide complete transparency to their data submitters (authors, curators, other databases, etc.), collaborators, and users but also provide an efficient mechanism to reproduce the complete workflow through the information stored in different domains (such as description, execution, io, error, etc.) in the machine and human-readable formats.

The most common way of adapting BCOs for use in knowledgebases is by leveraging the Extension Domain. In this example, the Extension Domain is used for calling fields based on column headers. Note that the Extension Domain identifies its own schema, which defines the column headers and identifies them as required where appropriate. Because the JSON format of a BCO is human and machine-readable (and can be further adapted for any manner of display or editing through a user interface), BCOs are amendable to either manual or automatic curation processes, such as the curation process that populates those fields in the above example.

Saving and Publishing a BCO

1. Why is my BCO not saved after clicking SAVE?

The SAVE only saves the entry on the website but it's not saving to the server. For a new draft, after editing, go to Tools, first select a BCODB, then click on GET PREFIXES to choose a prefix, and lastly, click on SAVE PREFIX. For an existing draft, to save properly, click on SAVE first and then under Tools, select UPDATE DRAFT.

2. What are the minimal requirements for validation and publishing with the BioCompute Objects (BCO) standard?

A submission simply needs to validate against the schema. The minimal requirements include inputs, outputs, data transformation steps, environment details, person(s) who wrote or executed the pipeline, and a plain text description of the pipeline and its objectives.

BCO Validation and Error messages

The BCO Portal uses a JSON validator to validate the BCOs, and because of the error messages returned may be a little confusing. Below are some common validation results and an explanation of what they mean and how to address them.

1. "[description_domain][pipeline_steps][0][step_number]": "'1' is not of type 'integer'"

The step_number in the BCO JSON needs to be an INTEGER.

This means it can not be in quotes like this:

    "step_number": "1",

Instead, it must be represented like this:

    "step_number": 1,

You may not be able to see this difference in the COLOR-CODED view, and will have to look in the TREE VIEW JSON or RAW JSON VIEW.

Submitting BCOs to FDA

1. How should I submit a BCO with a regulatory submission? Both JSON (the original format of BCO) and plain text (".txt") documents are accepted by the FDA. BCO files can be saved as a plain text document and submitted to the FDA as supporting documents in the Electronic Common Technical Document (eCTD) for the submission of bioinformatics workflow data to both CDER (Center for Drug Evaluation and Research) and CBER (Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research) for regulatory reviews. CFSAN also accepts BCOs. Please check with your reviewer or review division for logistical details to submit a BCO. BCOs can contain links to files that are submitted via hard drive. Alternatively contact Luis Santana-quintero (HIVE Lead at CBER) and Anton Golikov (HIVE bioinformatics platform architecht) to see if files can be shared via secure FDA-HIVE portal.
2. For the pilot project, which center should the eCTD file (contains BCO) submit to? Ideally, pilot participants should send their sample submissions to both CDER and CBER centers so that both center can try viewing the BCO file and determine if there are issues with review.
3. How to submit eCTD file for the pilot submission? eCTD portion of the pilot (which contains BCO) should be submitted via Electronic Submission Gateway (ESG) Test Gateway to both CBER and CDER. In order for both centers to receive the submission, sponsors would need to make a submission to each center via the ESG Test Gateway. CDER has an existing process setup which allows industry to send sample study data submissions for technical feedback, more details refer here. This existing process can be levaerged for the eCTD submission of the pilot. Pilot participants can request a sample application number and then contact CDER ESUB Testing team know that the submission in for the BCO pilot and which CDER reviewer should be notified once the submission is loaded in the eCTD review tool in CDER's test environment. CBER is currently checking on how the eCTD portion should be submitted to CBER.
4. How to submit large I/O files to the FDA? The large I/O files need to be sent on a hard drive to CBER, which FDA-HIVE is nested under CBER. All data will be uploaded/downloaded to HIVE. CDER reviewers will use the CBER HIVE to receive and review this type of data for the pilot project.
5. Can I submit BCOs on a portable hard drive if requested by the FDA? BCOs can also be stored on a portable hard drive and referenced in the eCTD. This allows for easy access and verification of the BCO files during the review process. The hard drive submitted to HIVE (CBER), CDER would also have access to the data.
6. How much data needs to be submitted? There is not a minimum requirement, it depends on the goal of the submission and the scope of the submission.
7. Is software used required to submit for the purpose of the pilot project? Software used is not required to be submitted for the pilot. However, some divisions would want software details, this is very much depended on where the submission goes but for the pilot project, we would simplify the process by not requiring software detail submission.
8. Are intermediate datasets/files required for the purpose of the pilot project? Currently, the intermediate files are not required to submit at the initial phase of the pilot project.
9. How much data can ESG (Electronic Submission Gateway) handle? The maximum file size for a single file (non-folder) is 100 GB of uncompressed data. The maximum file size for a multi-file (folder) is 100 GB of uncompressed data that contains single files (non-folder) no larger than 6 GB of uncompressed data. ESG recommends that you send an email to [[1]] for all submissions over 10 GB of uncompressed data. Based on pilot testing with Industry volunteers, the FDA recommends that submissions greater than 15 GB and less than 25 GB in size be sent overnight starting at 5PM EST to ensure receipt by the targeted FDA Center during the next business day. For large datasets, they need to be submitted via hard drive to CBER, for more information, refer to question 4.
10. For which types of regulatory submissions can BCOs be used? BCOs can be applied to the following types of regulatory submission:
    • Biologics license applications (BLAs);
    • Investigational new drug applications (INDs);
    • New drug applications (NDAs);
    • Abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs): Note: ANDAs are not recommended for the pilot project submissions
11. Where should BCO files be placed within the eCTD? We recommend including BCO files as part of a study, referenced under a Study Tagging File, under Module 5.3.5.4 (Other Study Reports).
12. How should sponsors contact the FDA regarding BioCompute Object submissions? We do have points of contact at both CDER and CBER centers. If you have general submission and review questions regarding BCO submissions, please contact [[2]] if submitted to CBER; [[3]] for CDER. If the sponsor already has a submission in-house and under review, they should directly contact the Regulatory Project Manager (RPM) assigned to that submission for assistance and guidance related to BioCompute Object submissions.
13. What should sponsors do if they have general questions about BioCompute Object submissions but do not have a submission in-house? If sponsors have general questions about BioCompute Object submissions and do not currently have a submission in-house, they can reach out to the email address industry.biologics@fda.hhs.gov managed by OCOD (Office of Computational and Data Sciences). The request will be triaged and directed to the appropriate individuals to provide assistance and address inquiries.
14. For more ESG related questions, refer to the official FDA ESG FAQ site here

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